Here’s a breakdown of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) situation, topic by topic:
1. Background of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT):
• The IWT is a water-sharing agreement signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, brokered by the World Bank. It regulates the use of water from the Indus River and its tributaries, which flow through both countries. The treaty has been pivotal in preventing major conflicts over shared water resources.
2. Recent Events Leading to Suspension:
• On April 23, 2025, India suspended the IWT following a deadly militant attack in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir, which killed 26 people, including Indian tourists, a Nepali citizen, and a local guide. The group “Kashmir Resistance” claimed responsibility, and India accused Pakistan of involvement, citing alleged cross-border links.
3. India’s Response:
• In retaliation, India downgraded diplomatic relations with Pakistan. This included expelling Pakistani military advisers, reducing embassy staff, and closing the Attari-Wagah border crossing. Indian citizens were advised against traveling to Pakistan, and Pakistani nationals in India were given 48 hours to leave.

4. Hydropower Projects and Treaty Violations: • Tensions had been rising even before the attack, particularly over two Indian hydropower projects in Jammu and Kashmir—the Kishanganga and Ratle projects. Pakistan has accused India of violating the IWT with these projects. India had also sought to review the treaty, citing changes like population growth, environmental concerns, and the need for clean energy.
   5. Pakistan’s Reaction:
      • Pakistan condemned India’s suspension of the IWT, calling it an act of “water warfare” and stressing that the treaty is a key international agreement that should not be altered unilaterally. Pakistani officials have argued that the IWT must be maintained in its original form.
   6. International Implications:
      • The suspension of the IWT has escalated tensions between India and Pakistan, with the potential to destabilize the region. The international community has expressed concern and is urging both countries to return to the negotiating table and adhere to their international obligations under the treaty.

This overview highlights the key events and the growing tensions surrounding the Indus Waters Treaty.

Indus Water